TYPES
OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
First
Generation Programming Languages: A first generation programming
language is a machine level programming language. It consists of 1’s and O’s.
Originally, no translator was used to compile or assemble the first generation
language. The first generation programming instructions were entered through
the front panel switches of the computer system.
Generation Programming Languages: A first generation programming
language is a machine level programming language. It consists of 1’s and O’s.
Originally, no translator was used to compile or assemble the first generation
language. The first generation programming instructions were entered through
the front panel switches of the computer system.
Second
Generation Programming Languages: A second
generation programming language is a term usually used to refer to some form of
assembles language. Unlike first generation programming languages, the code can
be read and written fairly easily by a human, but it must be converted into a
machine readable form in order to run on a computer.
Generation Programming Languages: A second
generation programming language is a term usually used to refer to some form of
assembles language. Unlike first generation programming languages, the code can
be read and written fairly easily by a human, but it must be converted into a
machine readable form in order to run on a computer.
Third
Generation Programming Languages: A third
generation language (abbreviated as 3GL) is a programming language designed to
be easier for a human to understand, including things like named variables. FORTRAN,
ALGOL and COBOL are early examples of this sort of language. Most ‘modern’ languages
(BASIC, C, C++) are third generation. Most of the 3GLs support structured programming.
Generation Programming Languages: A third
generation language (abbreviated as 3GL) is a programming language designed to
be easier for a human to understand, including things like named variables. FORTRAN,
ALGOL and COBOL are early examples of this sort of language. Most ‘modern’ languages
(BASIC, C, C++) are third generation. Most of the 3GLs support structured programming.
Fourth
Generation Programming Languages: A fourth generation
programming language (abbreviated as 4GL) is a programming language designed
with a specific purpose in mind, such as the development of commercial business
software. Such languages arose after the introduction of modern,
block-structured third generation programming languages, which improved the
process of software development.
Generation Programming Languages: A fourth generation
programming language (abbreviated as 4GL) is a programming language designed
with a specific purpose in mind, such as the development of commercial business
software. Such languages arose after the introduction of modern,
block-structured third generation programming languages, which improved the
process of software development.
Fifth
Generation Programming Languages: A fifth generation programming
language (abbreviated as 5GL) is a programming language based on solving
problems using constraints given to the program, rather than using an algorithm
written by a programmer. Most constraint-based and logic programming languages
and some declarative languages are fifth generation languages.
Generation Programming Languages: A fifth generation programming
language (abbreviated as 5GL) is a programming language based on solving
problems using constraints given to the program, rather than using an algorithm
written by a programmer. Most constraint-based and logic programming languages
and some declarative languages are fifth generation languages.
Low
Level Programming Languages: A low level programming language is
a language that provides little or no abstraction from a computer’s microprocessor.
The word ‘low’ does not imply that the language is inferior to high level
programming languages but rather refers to the reduced amount of abstraction
between the language and itself; because of this, low level languages are
sometimes described as being ‘closer to the hardware’.
Level Programming Languages: A low level programming language is
a language that provides little or no abstraction from a computer’s microprocessor.
The word ‘low’ does not imply that the language is inferior to high level
programming languages but rather refers to the reduced amount of abstraction
between the language and itself; because of this, low level languages are
sometimes described as being ‘closer to the hardware’.
High
Level Programming Languages: A high level
programming language is a programming language that is more user-friendly, to some
extent platform-independent and abstract from low level computer processor
operations such as memory accesses.
Level Programming Languages: A high level
programming language is a programming language that is more user-friendly, to some
extent platform-independent and abstract from low level computer processor
operations such as memory accesses.
SOME
IMPORTANT PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
IMPORTANT PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
FORTRAN
In 1957, the first of the major languages appeared in the
form of FORTRAN. Its name stands for ‘FORmula TRANslation’ system. The language
was designed at IBM for scientific computing.
form of FORTRAN. Its name stands for ‘FORmula TRANslation’ system. The language
was designed at IBM for scientific computing.
The components were very simple and provided the programmer
with low level access to the computer’s innards. Today, this language is
considered restrictive as it only includes IF, DO and GOTO statements.
with low level access to the computer’s innards. Today, this language is
considered restrictive as it only includes IF, DO and GOTO statements.
COBOL
Its name stands for ‘Common Business Oriented Language’. It
was designed from the ground up as the language for businessmen. Its only data
types were numbers and strings of text.
was designed from the ground up as the language for businessmen. Its only data
types were numbers and strings of text.
LISP
In 1958, John McCarthy of MIT created the LIST Processing
(or LISP) language. It was designed for Artificial Intelligence (A I) research.
(or LISP) language. It was designed for Artificial Intelligence (A I) research.
ALGOL
The ALGOL language was created by a committee for scientific
use in 1958. It’s major contribution is being the root of the tree that has led
to such languages as Pascal, C, C++ and Java. It was also the first language
with a formal grammar.
use in 1958. It’s major contribution is being the root of the tree that has led
to such languages as Pascal, C, C++ and Java. It was also the first language
with a formal grammar.
Pascal
Pascal was begun in 1968 by Niklaus Wirth. Its development
was mainly out of necessity for a good teaching tool.
was mainly out of necessity for a good teaching tool.
C
C was developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie while working at
Bell Labs in New Jersey. The transition in usage from the first major languages
to the major languages of today occurred with the transition between Pascal and
C.
Bell Labs in New Jersey. The transition in usage from the first major languages
to the major languages of today occurred with the transition between Pascal and
C.
C+
+
+
C+ + was designed to organize the raw power of C using OOP, but
maintain the speed of C and be able to run on many different types of
computers. C++ is most often used in simulations, such as games. It is the
language of choice in today’s Computer Science courses.
maintain the speed of C and be able to run on many different types of
computers. C++ is most often used in simulations, such as games. It is the
language of choice in today’s Computer Science courses.
Java
Java In the early 1990’s, interactive TV was the technology of
the future. Sun Microsystems decided that interactive TV needed a special,
portable (can run on many types of machines) language. This language eventually
became Java. In 1994, the Java project team changed their focus to the web,
which was becoming ‘the coal thing’ after interactive TV failed. The next year,
Netscape licensed Java for use in their Internet browser, Navigator. At this
point, Java became the language of the future and several companies announced
applications which would be written in Java, none of which came into use.
the future. Sun Microsystems decided that interactive TV needed a special,
portable (can run on many types of machines) language. This language eventually
became Java. In 1994, the Java project team changed their focus to the web,
which was becoming ‘the coal thing’ after interactive TV failed. The next year,
Netscape licensed Java for use in their Internet browser, Navigator. At this
point, Java became the language of the future and several companies announced
applications which would be written in Java, none of which came into use.
Visual
Basic
Basic
Visual Basic is often taught as a first programming language
today as it is based on the BASIC language developed in 1964 by John Kemeny and
Thomas Kurtz. BASIC is a very limited
scope language and was designed for non-computer science people.
today as it is based on the BASIC language developed in 1964 by John Kemeny and
Thomas Kurtz. BASIC is a very limited
scope language and was designed for non-computer science people.
Python
Python was conceived in the late 1980s and its
implementation was started in December 1989 by Guido van Rossum at CWI in the
Netherlands as a successor to the ABC language (itself inspired by SETL)
capable of exception handling and interfacing with the Amoeba operating system.
implementation was started in December 1989 by Guido van Rossum at CWI in the
Netherlands as a successor to the ABC language (itself inspired by SETL)
capable of exception handling and interfacing with the Amoeba operating system.
Full form of some Important Languages
|
Languages
|
Full
Forms |
|
ALGOL
|
ALGOrithmic Language
|
|
BASIC
|
Beginner’s All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
|
|
HLL
|
High Level Language
|
|
COBOL
|
COmmon Business Oriented Language
|
|
LOGO
|
Logic Oriented Graphics Oriented
|
|
LLL
|
Low Level Language
|
|
FORTRAN
|
FORmula TRANslation
|
|
PROLOG
|
PROgramming in LOGic
|
|
SNOBOL
|
String Oriented Symbolic Language
|
|
COMAL
|
COMmon Algorithmic Language
|
